{"id":2152,"date":"2019-07-22T21:56:04","date_gmt":"2019-07-22T21:56:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/?p=2152"},"modified":"2022-11-18T17:31:55","modified_gmt":"2022-11-18T17:31:55","slug":"section-16-routing-fundamentals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/?p=2152","title":{"rendered":"Section 16: Routing Fundamentals"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/?p=2141\">&lt; Section 15<\/a> | <a href=\"\/ccna-udemy-course-outline\/\">Home<\/a> | <a href=\"\/section-17-dynamic-routing-protocols\/\">Section 17 &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<p>For CCNA, these are sections 94 &#8211; 100<\/p>\n<h1>94: Routing Fundamentals &#8211; Introduction<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/course\/ccna-complete\/learn\/lecture\/7393474#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/course\/ccna-complete\/learn\/lecture\/7393474#overview<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/course\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605340#content\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/course\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605340#content<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>95: Connected and Local Routes<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/course\/ccna-complete\/learn\/lecture\/7393476#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/course\/ccna-complete\/learn\/lecture\/7393476#overview<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605342#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605342#overview<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Router Functions<\/h2>\n<p>A router has 2 main functions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Determine the best path to available networks<\/li>\n<li>Forward traffic to those networks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>The Routing Table<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The best available path or paths to a destination network are listed in a router&#8217;s routing table and will be used to forward traffic.<\/li>\n<li>A routing table consists of directly connected networks and routes configured statically by the admin or dynamically learned through a routing protocol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Connected and Local Routes<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The Admin configures IP addresses on the router&#8217;s interfaces<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2156\" src=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"361\" height=\"136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art1.png 361w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art1-300x113.png 300w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art1-150x57.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 361px) 100vw, 361px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When IP addresses are added to interfaces, it automatically adds those routes to the routing table.<\/li>\n<li>show ip route<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre>R1#show run\r\n...\r\ninterface FastEthernet0\/0\r\n ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0\r\n duplex auto\r\n speed auto\r\n!\r\ninterface FastEthernet0\/1\r\n ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0\r\n duplex auto\r\n speed auto\r\n!\r\n...\r\nR1#show ip route\r\n...\r\n      10.0.0.0\/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks\r\nC        10.0.0.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/0\r\nL        10.0.0.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/0\r\nC        10.0.1.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/1\r\nL        10.0.1.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/1<\/pre>\n<h3>Local Routes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>From IOS 15, local routes will also be added to the routing table<\/li>\n<li>Local routes always have a \/32 mask and show the IP address configured on the interface.\n<ul>\n<li>See above:\n<ul>\n<li>C = Connected route<\/li>\n<li>L = Local route (direct IP address)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>96: Connected and Local Routes Lab Demo<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/course\/ccna-complete\/learn\/lecture\/7393478#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/course\/ccna-complete\/learn\/lecture\/7393478#overview<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605344#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605344#overview<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2158\" src=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"341\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art2.png 341w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art2-272x300.png 272w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art2-136x150.png 136w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art2-300x331.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 341px) 100vw, 341px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<pre>R1#show ip route\r\n...\r\n      10.0.0.0\/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks\r\nC        10.0.0.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/0\r\nL        10.0.0.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/0\r\nC        10.0.1.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1\/0\r\nL        10.0.1.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet1\/0\r\nC        10.0.2.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet2\/0\r\nL        10.0.2.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet2\/0<\/pre>\n<h1>97: Static Routes<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605346#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605346#overview<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>if a router receives traffic for a network which it is not directly attached to, it needs to know how to get there in order to forward the traffic.<\/li>\n<li>An Administrator can manually add a static route to the destination, or the router can learn it via a routing protocol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2159\" src=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"559\" height=\"97\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art3.png 559w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art3-300x52.png 300w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art3-150x26.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 559px) 100vw, 559px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>To add a static route:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>ip route &lt;destination network&gt; &lt;Destination Subnet Maks&gt; &lt;Router IP&gt;<\/li>\n<li>To get to 10.1.0.1 from 10.0.2.1:\n<ul>\n<li>R1(config)#ip route 10.1.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>To get from 10.0.1.x and 10.0.2.x from 10.1.0.2\n<ul>\n<li>R2(config)#ip route 10.0.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1<\/li>\n<li>R2(config)#ip route 10.0.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2160\" src=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"740\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art4.png 740w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art4-300x85.png 300w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art4-150x42.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Next Step: Add a middle router<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2161\" src=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"647\" height=\"102\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art5.png 647w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art5-300x47.png 300w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art5-150x24.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 647px) 100vw, 647px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\nR1<\/p>\n<pre>R1(config)#ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2\r\nR1(config)#ip route 10.1.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2<\/pre>\n<p>R2<\/p>\n<pre>R2(config)#ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.0.1\r\nR2(config)#ip route 10.0.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1\r\nR2(config)#ip route 10.0.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1<\/pre>\n<p>R3<\/p>\n<pre>R3(config)#ip route 10.0.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.0.2\r\nR3(config)#ip route 10.0.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.0.2\r\nR3(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.0.2<\/pre>\n<h1>98: Static Routing Fundamentals &#8211; Lab<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605350#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605350#overview<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Example same as above<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art6.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2163\" src=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art6.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"554\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art6.png 554w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art6-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art6-150x105.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>R1<\/p>\n<pre>10.0.0.0\/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks\r\nC        10.0.0.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/0\r\nL        10.0.0.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/0\r\nC        10.0.1.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1\/0\r\nL        10.0.1.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet1\/0\r\nC        10.0.2.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet2\/0\r\nL        10.0.2.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet2\/0\r\nS        10.1.0.0\/24 [1\/0] via 10.0.0.2\r\nS        10.1.1.0\/24 [1\/0] via 10.0.0.2\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>R2<\/p>\n<pre>R2(config)#ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.0.1\r\nR2(config)#ip route 10.0.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1\r\nR2(config)#ip route 10.0.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1\r\nR2(config)#ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.0.1<\/pre>\n<pre>10.0.0.0\/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks\r\nC        10.1.0.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1\/0\r\nL        10.1.0.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet1\/0\r\nC        10.0.0.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/0\r\nL        10.0.0.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/0\r\nS        10.1.1.0\/24 [1\/0] via 10.1.0.1\r\nS        10.0.1.0\/24 [1\/0] via 10.0.0.1\r\nS        10.0.2.0\/24 [1\/0] via 10.0.0.1\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>R3<\/p>\n<pre>R3(config)#ip route 10.0.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.0.2\r\nR3(config)#ip route 10.0.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.0.2\r\nR3(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.0.2<\/pre>\n<pre>10.0.0.0\/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks\r\nC        10.1.1.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/0\r\nL        10.1.1.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/1\r\nC        10.1.0.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1\/0\r\nL        10.1.0.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet1\/0\r\nS        10.0.0.0\/24 [1\/0] via 10.1.0.2\r\nS        10.0.1.0\/24 [1\/0] via 10.1.0.2\r\nS        10.0.2.0\/24 [1\/0] via 10.1.0.2\r\n<\/pre>\n<h1>99: Summarization and Default Routes<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605352#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605352#overview<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Summary Routes<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art7.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2164\" src=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"868\" height=\"129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art7.png 868w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art7-300x45.png 300w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art7-768x114.png 768w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art7-150x22.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 868px) 100vw, 868px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These can be summarized into a single routing entry per router<\/li>\n<li>Less routes:\n<ul>\n<li>Less memory consumption<\/li>\n<li>Reduced errors<\/li>\n<li>This can be very important on much larger networks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Routes on R1<\/h2>\n<pre>R1(config)#ip route 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.0.0.2<\/pre>\n<h3>To Summarize a tighter route (10.1.0.0 &#8211; 10.1.3.0)<\/h3>\n<pre>R1(config)#ip route 10.1.0.0 255.255.252.0 10.0.0.2<\/pre>\n<h2>Longest Prefix Match<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>When there are overlapping routes, the longest prefix route will be selected\n<ul>\n<li>This will be the subnet mask with the most bits<\/li>\n<li>This can be viewed as &#8216;the most specific route will win&#8217;.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art8.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2165\" src=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art8.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"844\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art8.png 844w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art8-300x109.png 300w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art8-768x279.png 768w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art8-150x55.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 844px) 100vw, 844px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Load Balancing<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>When equal length routes are added for the same destination\n<ul>\n<li>The router will add them both to the routing table and load balance between them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre>R1(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.0.0.2\r\nR1(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.0.3.2<\/pre>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art9.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2166\" src=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art9.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"831\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art9.png 831w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art9-300x75.png 300w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art9-768x193.png 768w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/art9-150x38.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 831px) 100vw, 831px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Default Route (Gateway of Last Resort)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>When no specific route is located, use the Default Route\n<ul>\n<li>IP: 0.0.0.0<\/li>\n<li>MASK: 0.0.0.0<\/li>\n<li>Routing IP: (Probably the Internet provider)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/arp10.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2167\" src=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/arp10.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"871\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/arp10.png 871w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/arp10-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/arp10-768x295.png 768w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/arp10-150x58.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 871px) 100vw, 871px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h1>100: Summary Routes and Longest Prefix Match Lab Demo<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605356#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605356#overview<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Summary Routes on R1 to 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0<\/li>\n<li>Specific Route on R1 to 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0<\/li>\n<li>Traceroute to R4 shows hops through R2 and R3<\/li>\n<li>Traceroute to R5 shows direct hop.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/arp11.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2168\" src=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/arp11.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"667\" height=\"344\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/arp11.png 667w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/arp11-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/arp11-150x77.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h1>101: Direct Routes and Load Balancing Lab Demo<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605358#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605358#overview<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Setup All routers to push all internet traffic toward R4<\/li>\n<li>R1 setup to load balance between R2 and R5\n<ul>\n<li>R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2<\/li>\n<li>R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.3.2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>R4 setup to load balance back to R1 via R3 and R5\n<ul>\n<li>R4(config)#ip route 10.0.1.0 255.255.255 10.1.1.2<\/li>\n<li>R4(config)#ip route 10.0.1.0 255.255.255 10.1.3.2<\/li>\n<li>R4(config)#ip route 10.0.2.0 255.255.255 10.1.1.2<\/li>\n<li>R4(config)#ip route 10.0.2.0 255.255.255 10.1.3.2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>How Load Balancing Works<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Traffic from one host will always take the same route.\n<ul>\n<li>This is to help ensure all packets are received in the correct order.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Traffic from a second host might take the alternate route\n<ul>\n<li>This traffic will continue to take the second route<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>This is shown in the lab by traceroutes from PC1 and PC2, both originating from R1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>102: Routing Fundamentals &#8211; Lab Exercises<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605370#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605370#overview<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/16-Routing-Fundamentals.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2169\" src=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/16-Routing-Fundamentals.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"949\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/16-Routing-Fundamentals.png 949w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/16-Routing-Fundamentals-300x161.png 300w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/16-Routing-Fundamentals-768x411.png 768w, https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/16-Routing-Fundamentals-150x80.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 949px) 100vw, 949px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/16-Routing-Fundamentals-Lab-Exercise.pdf\">16 Routing Fundamentals Lab Exercise<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/16-Routing-Fundamentals-Answer-Key.pdf\">16 Routing Fundamentals Answer Key<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Connected and Local Routes<\/h3>\n<h4>Configure PC&#8217;s with IPs<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Console &gt; ip IP.AD.RE.SS \/24 DEF.AULT.GATE.WAY<\/li>\n<li>done<\/li>\n<li>show ip route &#8211; OK<\/li>\n<li>Yes &#8211; done<\/li>\n<li>ping from both, ok.<\/li>\n<li>No, no route. done<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Static Routes<\/h2>\n<p>7. done<br \/>\n8. done<br \/>\n9.done<br \/>\n10. 10.0.1.1 &gt; 10.0.0.2 &gt; 10.1.0.1 &gt; 10.1.1.1\u00a0 &gt; 10.1.2.10<br \/>\n11.<\/p>\n<pre>      10.0.0.0\/8 is variably subnetted, 8 subnets, 2 masks\r\nC 10.0.0.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/0\r\nL 10.0.0.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet0\/0\r\nC 10.0.1.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1\/0\r\nL 10.0.1.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet1\/0\r\nC 10.0.2.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet2\/0\r\nL 10.0.2.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet2\/0\r\nC 10.0.3.0\/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet3\/0\r\nL 10.0.3.1\/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet3\/0<\/pre>\n<p>12. Ping fails<br \/>\n13. R3(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2<br \/>\n14. Verified<br \/>\n15. Verified<\/p>\n<h3>Longest Prefix Match<\/h3>\n<p>16. done<br \/>\n17. no, no route back to PC1 from R5!<br \/>\n18. R5(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.0.3.1<br \/>\n&#8211; ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.252.0 10.0.3.1 = tighter<br \/>\n19. long way<\/p>\n<p>20.<\/p>\n<pre>R5#traceroute 10.0.1.10\r\n  1 10.0.3.1 ...\r\n  2 10.0.1.10<\/pre>\n<p>21.<\/p>\n<pre>R1(config)#ip route 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.3.2<\/pre>\n<p>22. Verify that traffic between PC1 and R5 fe 2\/0 takes the most direct path in both directions.<\/p>\n<pre>R5#traceroute 10.0.1.10\r\n 1 10.0.3.1 52 msec 48 msec 24 msec\r\n 2 10.0.1.10 72 msec 68 msec 56 msec\r\nPC1&gt; trace 10.1.3.2\r\n 1   10.0.1.1   30.758 ms  15.639 ms  15.136 ms\r\n 2   10.0.3.2   47.374 ms (ICMP type:3, code:3, Destination port unreachable)\r\n<\/pre>\n<h3>Default Route and Load Balancing<\/h3>\n<p>23. done<br \/>\n24. done<br \/>\n25.<\/p>\n<pre>R1(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2\r\nR1(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.3.2<\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&lt; Section 15 | Home | Section 17 &gt; For CCNA, these are sections 94 &#8211; 100 94: Routing Fundamentals &#8211; Introduction https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/course\/ccna-complete\/learn\/lecture\/7393474#overview https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/course\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605340#content &nbsp; 95: Connected and Local Routes https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/course\/ccna-complete\/learn\/lecture\/7393476#overview https:\/\/www.udemy.com\/cisco-icnd1\/learn\/lecture\/8605342#overview Router Functions A router has 2 main functions: Determine the best path to available networks Forward traffic to those networks The Routing Table ..<\/p>\n<div class=\"clear-fix\"><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/?p=2152\" title=\"read more...\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-icnd1-ccent"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2152","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2152"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2152\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3857,"href":"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2152\/revisions\/3857"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2152"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2152"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wiki.thomasandsofia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2152"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}